"Новая сущность" в действии: гигантская структура в созвездиях Геркулеса и Северной Короны

    Обнаружена новая самая большая космическая структура во Вселенной

    «Астрономам удалось обнаружить умопомрачительно большую космическую структуру − настолько огромную, что свету потребуется 10 миллиардов лет, чтобы пройти сквозь неё.

    Эта структура располагается в отдалённой части Вселенной. Она в два раза превышает по размерам предыдущего рекордсмена − кластер из 73 квазаров, называемый Громадной группой квазаров, размер которой достигает четырёх миллиардов световых лет. Новая структура также в 6 раз больше, чем диаметр Великой стены Слоуна, который составляет 1,4 миллиарда световых лет.

    Учёные обнаружили новую группу галактик, изучая гамма-всплески. Эти мимолётные вспышки, несущие большое количество энергии, предположительно вызываются взрывами массивных звёзд. "Это отличный индикатор того, что где-то что-то случилось, – считает астроном Джон Хаккила (Jon Hakkila) из колледжа Чарльстона в Южной Каролине. – Так как более крупные звёзды образуются в районах с большим количеством материала, в целом, гамма-всплески могут дать астрономам приблизительную оценку того, какой силой располагает то или иное явление в каком-либо регионе. Мы относимся к источнику гамма-всплеска как к метке на карте".

    После учёта возможных погрешностей обследования, учёные обнаружили в регионе, удалённом примерно на 10 миллиардов световых лет от Земли в направлении созвездий Геркулес и Северная Корона, регион с чрезмерным количеством гамма-всплесков. Экстраполируя данные о расположении вспышек, учёные смогли оценить найденную структуру как наибольшую из известных. Её диаметр составил 10 миллиардов световых лет.

    "Скорее всего, эта структура − множество скоплений галактик, – комментирует исследователь Иштван Хорват (Istvan Horvath) из Национального университета государственной службы в Будапеште (Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem).

Дополнительный мониторинг гамма-всплесков должен предоставить больше доказательств существования странной структуры. В настоящее время астрономы утверждают, что не имеют ни малейшего понятия, как могла образоваться настолько большая группа галактик.

    Подробнее об открытии можно прочитать в препринте статьи учёных на сайте arXiv.org». (22.11.2013, 10:15). http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=1158356&cid=2161

Гамма-всплески в представлении художника: отслеживая эти мощные взрывы, можно проследить за распределением материи в космосе (иллюстрация ESO/L. Calcada, 16 December 2010). 

    Universe's Largest Structure is a Cosmic Conundrum

    «Astronomers have found a mind-bogglingly large structure - so big it takes light 10 billion years to traverse - in a distant part of the universe.

    The discovery poses a conundrum to a fundamental tenet of modern cosmology, which posits that matter should appear to be distributed uniformly if viewed at a large enough scale.

    The newly found structure is more than double the size of the previous record-holder, a cluster of 73 quasars referred to as the Huge-LQG, or Large Quasar Group, which spans 4 billion light-years. It is six times larger than the 1.4-billion-light year diameter Sloan Great Wall.

    Light travels at about 671 million miles per hour, or about 6 trillion miles per year.

    Scientists found the new structure by mapping the locations of gamma ray bursts. These fleeting, but high-energy outbursts are believed to be caused by exploding massive stars.

    "It's a great tracer of where something was," astronomer Jon Hakkila, with the College of Charleston in South Carolina, told Discovery News.

    Because bigger stars form in areas with more material in general, gamma ray bursts can give astronomers a rough estimate of how much matter a particular region contains.

    “We’re treating each (gamma ray burst) source as if it’s a pin in the map and it’s sticking to something,” Hakkila said.

    After accounting for potential survey biases - such as NASA's Swift telescope and other gamma ray trackers looking more often in one part of the sky or another - scientists found a region roughly 10 billion light-years away in the direction of the constellations Hercules and Corona Borealis that had a disproportionate number of gamma ray bursts.

    Extrapolating from the locations of the bursts, scientists estimate the structure from which they came spans approximately 10 billion light-years in diameter.

    “This is probably a large concentration of galaxy clusters and other normal matter,” co-investigator Istvan Horvath, with the National University of Public Service in Budapest, Hungary, wrote in an email to Discovery News.

    Additional monitoring of gamma ray bursts should provide more evidence for the structure’s existence.

    For now, Horvath says he has “no idea” how something that big could have evolved.

    The research appears in the online archive arXiv.org (arXiv:1311.1104 [astro-ph.CO])». (By Irene Klotz, Nov 19, 2013, 06:50 PM ET).

    Photo: «Artist's impression of a gamma-ray burst - by tracking these powerful explosions the distribution of matter throughout the Cosmos can be traced».

    Video: «Survey Maps the Stars». (The Sloan Digital Sky Survey is about to release 3-D maps of galaxies, quasars and other celestial bodies. Jorge Ribas finds out what's next). 

    The largest structure of the Universe, defined by Gamma-Ray Bursts

    «Research over the past three decades has revolutionized the field of cosmology while supporting the standard cosmological model. However, the cosmological principle of Universal homogeneity and isotropy has always been in question, since structures as large as the survey size have always been found as the survey size has increased. Until now, the largest known structure in our Universe is the Sloan Great Wall (SGW), which is more than 400 Mpc long and located approximately one billion light-years away. Here we report the discovery of a structure at least six times larger than the Sloan Great Wall that is suggested by the distribution of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Gamma-ray bursts are the most energetic explosions in the Universe. They are associated with the stellar endpoints of massive stars and are found in and near distant galaxies. Therefore, they are very good indicators of the dense part of the Universe containing normal matter. As of July 2012, 283 GRB redshifts have been measured. If one subdivides this GRB sample into nine radial parts and compares the sky distributions of these subsamples (each containing 31 GRBs), one can observe that the fourth subsample (1.6 < z < 2.1) differs significantly from the others in that many of the GRBs are concentrated in the same angular area of the sky. Using the two-dimensional Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the significance of this observation is found to be less than 0.05 per cent. Fourteen out of the 31 Gamma-Ray Bursts in this redshift band are concentrated in approximately 1/8 of the sky. The binomial probability to find such a deviation is p=0.0000055. This huge structure lies ten times farther away than the Sloan Great Wall, at a distance of approximately ten billion light-years. The size of the structure defined by these GRBs is about 2000-3000 Mpc, or more than six times the size of the largest known object (SGW) in the Universe». (I. Horvath, J. Hakkila, Z. Bagoly.Submitted on 5 Nov 2013). 

    Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall

    «The Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall is a huge superstructure of galaxies that measures more than 10 billion light years across. It is the largest and the most massive structure known in the observable universe.

    This huge structure was discovered in November 2013 by a mapping of gamma ray bursts that occurs in the distant universe.

    Physical characteristics

    The said structure is a galactic filament, or a huge group of galaxies assembled by gravity. It is about 10 billion light-years (3 Gpc) at its longest dimension, and about 7.2 billion light-years (2.2 Gpc; 150,000 km/s in redshift space) wide. The astonishing structure was found with the help of data from the Swift Spacecraft that tracks down gamma-ray bursts, large cosmic explosions of gamma rays of distant stars heralding the birth of new black holes.

    The structure was named from its location, in the constellations Hercules and Corona Borealis. It is at redshift 1.6-2.1, corresponding to a distance of approximately 10 billion light-years away.

    Homogeneity problem

    According to the cosmological principle, the random fluctuations in quantities such as the matter density between different regions of the universe are small. Different data approves this and found out that scales exceeding this limit may defy the said principle. Yadav et al suggested that the tips of the scales might be as well to 260/h Mpc.  Some scientists say that the maximum sizes of structures was somewhere around 70-130/h Mpc based on the measure of the homogeneity scale. No structures are expected to be larger than the scale since the current evolutionary theories of the formation of the universe do not accept objects larger than the scale.

    The Sloan Great Wall, discovered in 2003, is 1.37 billion light years across, and is marginally larger than the scale.

    The Huge-LQG (Huge Large Quasar Group), discovered in 2012, is 4 billion light years across. However, long range correlations provide evidences of the impossibility of this structure.

    The Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall, is more than 8 times larger than the scale, and so greatly exceeds the homogeneity scale.

    See also

• CfA2 Great Wall
• Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex
• Observable universe#Large-scale structure

    (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).   

«Вселенная. Самые крупные объекты в космосе» 

    [Последние изменения внесены 3 марта 2014 года] 

    «Крупномасштабная структура Вселенной: вопросы остаются». http://artefact-2007.blogspot.ru/2014/03/blog-post_13.html    

    На эту тему:

    «"Новая сущность" в действии: гигантская структура в созвездии Льва». (12 января 2013 года).